Foreign Policy Roles of The President and The Congress Essay Example for Free

Foreign Policy Roles of The President and The Congress Essay According to the United States Constitution, the making of foreign policy is shared by both the President and the Congress. They are said to be working at a cross-purposes in foreign policy. Each plays important roles that are different but often overlap. It is quite inevitable to have disagreements between these executive and legislative branches. But these foreign policy disputes are actually sometimes constructive or not necessarily bad. Every so often, this can contribute to useful improvements to foreign policies. Significantly, the two branches possess ongoing opportunities in making and altering foreign policies, and the interactions between them continue indefinitely throughout the life of a policy. However, when the foreign policy is poorly served, the relationship between the executive and legislative branches becomes hostile and unpleasant. Having the accountability for check and balance between these government branches, the Congress should critic the administration of the President in the light that it is seeking better partnership with the administration in view of better governance of the country and, in this specific case, progress in the formulation of America foreign policy. The President usually responds to current events in foreign countries and thus initiates U. S. policy. Sometimes, the executive branch wants to begin a foreign policy program that requires legislation, and accordingly proposes legislation to Congress, thereby needing approval from the latter in this situation. Also, the power of negotiation gives the executive branch a dominant role in making foreign policy through international agreements, but the President must take into account congressional opinion because these agreements often require the approval of the Senate or the Congress. The latter also influence agreements by placing in legislation instructions and views concerning international agreements, indicating what kind of agreement would be acceptable. The President also establishes US foreign policy through unilateral statements or joint statements with other governments. The executive branch also establishes foreign policy through legislation, continues to shape policy as it interprets and applies the various provisions of law. Occasionally, the President undertakes a sudden foreign policy action before Congress is fully informed about it. The Congress then usually supports the President, but sometimes it tries to halt or reverse the policy or pass legislation to restrain the President from similar actions in the future. The Congress introduces many resolutions stating the sense of the House on foreign policy, and many of these resolutions are adopted. It sometimes initiates a foreign policy by using legislation to establish a new program, set objectives and guidelines, authorize and direct the executive branch to undertake specified activities, and by earmarking appropriations used in a specified way. At times, the Congress pressures the executive branch into a new direction in foreign policy by threatening to pass legislation, even though the legislation is not enacted, or by continuing to exhort a policy through many means. Providing advice to the executive branch in informal contacts is also a means of the Congress to shape foreign policy. Regular oversight of executive branch implementation of foreign policy helps the Congress as well in shaping these policies (Grimmet). The international agreements regardless of their title, designation or form whose entry into force with respect to the United States takes place only after two thirds of the US Senate has given its advice and consent under Article II, section 2, Clause 2 of the Constitution, are treaties. On the other hand, international agreements brought into force with respect to the United States on a constitutional basis other than with the advice and consent of the Senate are international agreements other than treaties, and are often referred to as executive agreements. Treaties require the consent of the Senate. The Senate, therefore, may approve, reject or revise a treaty. The Senate approves most of the treaties but some are also rejected. One significant example is the Treaty of Versailles. Executive agreements are far more common than treaties. They do not require the consent of the Senate, though Congress may be notified shortly after an agreement is reached. Unlike treaties, these agreements do not supersede existing statues. Examples are the Yalta and Potsdam agreements and the Vietnam Peace agreement. In summary, the President or the executive branch can make foreign policy through responses to foreign events, proposals for legislation, negotiation of international agreements, policy statements, policy implementation and independent action. Moreover, the Congress can make foreign policy through resolutions and policy statements, legislative directives, legislative pressure, legislative restrictions / funding denials, informal advice, and congressional oversight. The Congress maintains a decisive voice in either supporting the President’s approach or changing it. Changing policies may prove to be quite complex in the short term. In most cases though, Congress agrees with the President, but often makes significant modifications in the process of approving them. It is then important to note that the support or approval of both the legislative and executive branch is required for an effective and well-founded U. S. foreign policy. Works Cited Grimmett, Richard F. Foreign Policy Roles of the President and Congress. Foreign Affairs and National Defense Division. US Department of State. 1999, June 1. http://fpc.state.gov/fpc/6172.htm.

Sensitive Groups And Social Issues :: essays research papers

Sensitive Groups and Social Issues   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many factors have contributed to the heightened awareness of sensitive groups and social issues where marketing is concerned. The article Sensitive Groups and Social Issues has brought to light the causes, pitfalls, pro-active strategies, and benefits of addressing these social issues. Due to the fact that consumer markets and values are constantly changing, it is important to address these issues head on. A few of the key issues discussed in the article that relate to the text readings are the marketing concept, social responsibility, and changing demographics. Addressing such issues will not only satisfy the sensitive and social groups involved, but open new and potentially profitable opportunities for companies that do so.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the main points that I found useful in the article was how marketing to sensitive and social groups paralleled that of the marketing concept. Successful companies have to fill the needs and wants of their consumers. Sensitive and social groups are part of every companies market. Each company's products and services should be customized to that of their customers. This is called mass customization. How a company defines its social responsibility is also part of the marketing concept. If a company does not care to be viewed as socially responsible, then they will not care how they market products to those groups and the company will suffer. Relationship marketing is a part of the marketing concept and strongly applies to this article. A company wants to build trust with its customers in order to build customer loyalty and a long-term bond. This gives the customer a value-added feature of doing business with a particular company. In marketing orientated companies, the customer's needs have to be targeted and different social classes or issues need to be taken into account. If a company does not take different sensitive and social groups into account when marketing, then they will not build a feeling of goodwill with the consumers. The consumer will think that the firm cares more about selling its goods than the consumer. The firm's social responsibility should be taken into account and work hand-in-hand with the marketing concept. A firm's interests may not portray societies best interests. This is where the societal marketing concept comes into play. Our text states that the marketing concept can be work together with social responsibility. The firm must extend the breadth and time dimension of its marketing goals.

Motivation Case Study

I found both case studies to be very interesting. In the Two Men and a Lot of Trucks case study, I could identify the expectancy theory and Maslow’s needs hierarchy theory. The text states that Mary Ellen quit her well-paying job with benefits to grow her business. What started as a part-time gig working from her dining room table quickly became a successful franchise operation. Mary Ellen’s hard work and dedication paid off as there are currently 152 franchise locations.Maslow’s needs hierarchy theory can also been found in this case study through Mary Ellen’s devotion to providing superior customer service and using her prior work experience. Mary Ellen was able to create high-performing teams by establishing Stick Men University. Offering this level of training has effectively helped Two Men grow. As Sheets says, â€Å"I want them to be successful as fast as they can. † (Jones, 2007) In the Siemen’s case study I could identify both the exp ectancy theory and the job enrichment theory. The study stated that Kleinfeld wanted employees to work more flexible hours and on weekends.With everyone’s job on the line, Kleinfeld put in the extra effort to motivate workers. He made himself available around the clock and it paid off. Even though Kleinfeld relies on the support of the management board he seems to have the freedom to do his job his way. He has held 10 positions within Siemens which has allowed him â€Å"to explore every corner of the far-flung Siemens empire. † I believe that Kleinfeld used the participative approach to creating high-performing teams within Siemens as he was involved with most aspects of this company’s growth. (Jones, 2007)

The Origin, Evolution and Properties of Spiral Galaxies

Spiral galaxies are among the most beautiful and plentiful galaxy types in the cosmos. When artists draw galaxies, spirals are what they first visualize. This is likely due to the fact that the Milky Way is a spiral; as is the neighboring Andromeda Galaxy. Their shapes are the result of long galactic evolution activities that astronomers are still working to understand. Characteristics of Spiral Galaxies Spiral galaxies are characterized by their sweeping arms which stretch out from the central region in a spiral pattern. They are subdivided into classes based on how tightly the arms are wound, with the tightest classified as Sa and those with the most loosely wound arms as Sd. Some spiral galaxies have a bar passing through the center of which the spiral arms extend. These are classified as barred spirals and follow the same sub-classification model as normal spiral galaxies, except with the designators SBa - SBd. Our own Milky Way is a barred spiral, with a thick ridge of stars and gas and dust passing through the central core. Some galaxies are classified as S0. These are galaxies for which it is impossible to tell if a bar is present. Many spiral galaxies have what is known as a galactic bulge. This is a spheroid packed with lots of stars and contains within it a supermassive black hole that binds together the rest of the galaxy. From the side, spirals look like flat disks with central spheroids. We see many stars and clouds of gas and dust. However, they also contain something else: massive haloes of dark matter. This mysterious stuff is invisible to any experiment that has sought to directly observe it. Dark matter plays a role in galaxies, which is also still being determined.   Star Types The spiral arms of these galaxies are filled with lots of hot, young blue stars and even more gas and dust (by mass). In fact, our Sun is sort of an oddity considering the type of company it keeps in this region. Within the central bulge of spiral galaxies with looser spiral arms (Sc and Sd) the population of stars is very similar to that in the spiral arms, young hot blue stars, but in much greater density. In contracts spiral galaxies with tighter arms (Sa and Sb) tend to have mostly old, cool, red stars that contain very little metal. And while the vast majority of the stars in these galaxies are found either within the plane of the spiral arms or the bulge, there exists a halo around the galaxy. While this region is dominated by dark matter, there are also very old stars, usually with very low metallicity, that orbit through the plane of the galaxy in highly elliptical orbits. Formation The formation of spiral arm features in galaxies is mostly due to the gravitational effect of material in the galaxy as waves pass through. This posits that pools of greater mass density slow down and form arms as the galaxy rotates. As gas and dust pass through those arms it gets compressed to form new stars and the arms expand in mass density further, enhancing the effect. More recent models have attempted to incorporate dark matter, and other properties of these galaxies, into a more complex theory of formation. Supermassive Black Holes Another defining characteristic of spiral galaxies is the presence of supermassive black holes at their cores. It is not known if all spiral galaxies contain one of these behemoths, but there is a mountain of indirect evidence that virtually all such galaxies will contain them within the bulge. Dark Matter It was actually of spiral galaxies that first suggested the possibility of dark matter. Galactic rotation is determined by the gravitational interactions of the masses present within the galaxy. But computer simulations of spiral galaxies showed that the rotation velocities differed from those observed. Either our understanding of general relativity was flawed, or another source of mass was present. Since relativity theory has been tested and verified on virtually all scales there has so far been resistance to challenging it. Instead, scientists have postulated that an as-yet-unseen particle exists that does not interact with the electromagnetic force - and most likely not the strong force, and perhaps not even the weak force (though some models do include that property) - but it does interact gravitationally. It is thought that spiral galaxies maintain a dark matter halo; a spherical volume of dark matter that permeates the entire region in and around the galaxy. Dark matter has yet to be detected directly, but there is some indirect observational evidence for its existence. Over the next couple of decades, new experiments should be able to shed light on this mystery. Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.