Women in Slave Comunity

WOMEN IN SLAVE COMMUNITIES Slavery is the saddest period of human’s history. What slaves went through was really hard and it takes strong people to survive to that’s situation. They not only had to work every day of their lives without any compensation, but they were also broken down morally and separated from their families. Slaves were not treated as humans. They were treated as objects and machines and the only thing they were supposed to do were to obey to their masters, and if not, they would get beaten up, whipped or even killed. This is clearly shown on the Angela Davis’s essay, Reflection on the Black Woman’s Role in the Community of Slaves. But if slavery was hard for men, for women was so much harder because they had to work all day on the plantations like animals and at the end of the day they had to take care of the master’s house, cook, clean, and take care of everything else. They had no other choice. The next morning they had to wake up early in four in the morning and do the same thing fro the rest of their lives; no future, no hope, nothing to keep them going. Slaves didn’t even have the support of their families because they were separated from them. The mother would get separated from their child as soon as they were born and they were not supposed to see their own blood. They had no right to the family, to get married ect. If two slaves would be in love with each other, they would have their rituals and ceremonies to â€Å"get marries† within slavery, but still they didn’t have the right as a woman or as a husband. The masters could have sex with any woman they wanted and the â€Å"husband† could do nothing about it; they had no right on their own lives and of course they didn’t have any rights in protecting their women. What stood up to me is that, how did these women, having this huge role in slave communities, how did they find the time to fulfill their duties? They didn’t have any motivation. Even when they tried to rebel against their masters by poisoning the food or put the house in fire, they would get killed, burned, hanged ect. It is funny how women in today’s days complain about the smallest thing; they complain that they have to go to work and take care of their babies and houses, and they complain that it is too much. All I hear around me is the expression â€Å"I am so tired,† â€Å"Didn’t get enough sleep last night,† etc and when I think about these woman that had to work on the plantations all day long in the worst weather and with no brakes, they had to go home back to their maters and take care of the house as well, and they had to wake up really early in the morning to do the same thing over again. That is really sad and not fair. I am glad that that type of slavery is over but I don’t understand why there is still discrimination and racism out there.

System Archetypes

Every company strives to increase revenue and stabilize or decrease operating expenses. The Yellow Book once had a steady revenue stream, which coincided with the operating expenses. The steady rise in sales and revenues also means an increase in production while maintaining an equal level of customer service. This displays several archetypes, including limits to growth. The Yellow Book will continue to experience growth, however if deadlines are not met and mistakes are made in advertising, this will cause the direct customer to be influenced negatively, and ultimately reduce revenues with loss of customers. In order to maintain balance, production must be equal to revenue and customer service should be stable. Growth and underinvestment is an archetype that The Yellow Book is currently moving towards. The graphic designers and production teams are being stretched beyond their limits. While they are currently working hard to keep up production with demands, the overworked employees will not be able to maintain the motivation and morale needed with sales gradually on the rise. Advertising is not an area where performance standards can be lowered. If a 95% satisfaction rate is the current standard and the organization decides to decrease to 85%, there is a strong change that the 15% of unhappy customers will either not renew their ads, or could be granted free advertising, which will negatively affect revenue. The diagram below shows how growth and underinvestment and increase in demand causes a need to reinvest in production to stabilize customer satisfaction. The capabilities and core competencies give The Yellow Book a competitive advantage. The strategy it needs to adapt is a long term plan to maintain service levels year after year, not just book after book. A customer may give The Yellow Book a second chance if they experience an error, but it is doubtful there will be more chances and advertisers will be lost.

Financial Crisis in South Korea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Financial Crisis in South Korea - Essay Example Indonesia, South Korea and Thailand were the countries most affected by the Asian economic recession. The economic growth of Indonesia slowed down from an average rate of between 5% and 7% to 4.7% in 1997. Forecasts for 1998 and 1998 showed a negative 12% growth, and inflation rate was predicted to soar to 66%. In 1998 rupiah's value declined by 80%. As a consequence of the devaluation, the country's foreign debt multiplied.. Simple economic theories would explain how the devaluation of baht affected other economies. A devaluation of any local currency implied an increase in the cost of imports. Crane stated that in Thailand, such devaluation meant inflation in fuel and food. Reports said that overall prices soared 4.9 percent in July 1997 from the previous year. The surge in rice and flour prices was even higher, at 42%. In the Philippines, interest rates reached 33.5 percent in September 1997 from the previous week's 12 percent. This was for the peso to sustain its value or at least slow down its decline. Inevitably, interest rates on credit cards, mortgages and personal loans would also increase. Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad blamed the IMF for the economic decline. He believed bracing the stock market with public pension money would resolve the issue. Martin Hart-Landsberg and Paul Burkett's "Economic Crisis and Restructuring in South Korea Beyond the Free Market-Statist Debate" offers an analysis of the causes, nature and consequences of the restructuring process of post- Asian crisis South Korea. In the process of identifying the causes, the authors discussed the various aspects of restructuring and reform. The article studied the cause of the country's monetary decline from two standpoints: the... Researchers proposed financial-crisis models as long-term solutions for South Korea and as tools to forecast economic conditions. There were two models: the weak-fundamentals view and the financial-panic view. Based on the weak-fundamentals perspective, a country’s weakness in macroeconomic or financial fundamental triggers the abrupt backflow of capital. This called for radical reforms and support to see things through. On the other hand, the weak-fundamentals view predicted a slow recovery because it took a while before creditors and other financial institutions were able to complete the auditing and accounting process and recognition of losses was not made instantly. However, economists claimed that neither of the two views above proved helpful in the Asian-crisis recovery. The fast recovery of Korea since the economic recession misrepresents the observed social and political developments. The election of Kim Dae Jung to power symbolized the bureaucracy’s adoption of a politically neutral institution. The state has manifested social maturity by valuing loyalty to the institutions of governance as opposed to loyalty to the institutions of the few privileged groups.

Death in Hansel and Gretel and The Hunger Games Essay

Death in Hansel and Gretel and The Hunger Games - Essay Example Death means death of â€Å"death of death† as taboo, as well as death of humanity through the loss of morality rationality, and civil liberties,. For poor people, death is not a taboo, because it is part of their reality. Collins' Hunger Games is set in dystopia, where the Capitol controls twelve (12) districts by siphoning their resources and keeping them poor and hungry. The people, as a result, are too hungry to revolt against the system, particularly after the first revolution led to the creation of the Hunger Games. Collins shows that death is something real and evident in the Seam. Katniss thinks: â€Å"Gale and I agree that if we have to choose between dying of hunger and a bullet in the head, the bullet would be much quicker†(Collins 18). She thinks about this, because she knows how hard it is to survive in Panem, when the Capitol controls and owns all resources and food. She knows how hard it is to die slowly from hunger, and it is harder to watch one's family die slowly from the fangs of hunger too. What is taboo in Panem is listing starvation as the cause of death: â€Å"Starvation is never the cause of death officially. It’s always the flu, or exposure, or pneumonia. But that fools no one† (Collins 29). ... This thinking reflects the importance of self-survival over parental instincts and humanity. Hansel and Gretel's mother would have her children dead than find herself dying from hunger too. They talk about death as if it is the weather, unimportant and something that is paradoxically part of their existence. These stories argue that death is not limited to its physical dimension, because humanity can also die within people, when their sense of morality is gone. The Hunger Games kills humanity's morality. Part of it is knowing that life is a jungle and every one is game, especially in the Hunger Games. Katniss thinks that it will not be right to be affected too much by Peeta's kindness: â€Å"So I decide, from this moment on, to have as little as possible to do with the baker’s son† (Collins 49). To feel kindness and indebtedness will make her vulnerable and vulnerability is the first step toward death. The Hunger Games turns death into an option that can be erased, if o ne gives up one's morality. Morality also dies when people choose to be beasts. When Gale visits Katniss, he tells her that hunting in the forest is the same as hunting for people. Katniss does not believe in this: â€Å"The awful thing is that if I can forget they’re people, it will be no different at all† (Collins 41). One of the power implications of this statement is that an authoritarian society ensures that people's morality are gone, so that they can be ruled easier. At the individual level, Katniss is saying that if she can kill people so easily, then she is not a human being anymore, just another beast among wild animals. Another way that morality is killed is through trauma. When Katniss' father dies,

Policy Paper To The European Commissioner Essay

Policy Paper To The European Commissioner - Essay Example The role of innovation can be found to be extremely significant in the area of the digital economy which seems to be the future of the economies of all developed and developing nations across the world. Innovation can be built up by mobilizing and allocating the available resources in the economy, and boosting creativity by forecasting and responding to the demands in the most value reaping and competitive manner. As such, the inclusion of the innovation factor in the aspects of all the growth drivers of the competition policy would help to enhance the effectiveness of the policies in the contemporary economic situations. Thus, it can be summarized from the above discussion that the innovations and modifications in the policies of the European Union, especially in the competition policies can act as critical drivers for the success of the economy in the contemporary environment. The factor of innovation can lead to added efficiency and impacts of the existing competition policy of th e Union and as such, distinct changes should be made in the competition policy as a way of delivering better results and negating the economic risks like market failures, redundancies in the economic constructs and competition distortions in the economy. However, the European Commission should make sure that the competition policies are formulated in a manner such that the aids can be provided to the entities functioning in the economy in a transparent, unbiased and nondiscriminatory manner and all the strategies.

Martha Stewart and her Insider Trading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Martha Stewart and her Insider Trading - Essay Example The professionals at Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia generate a broad compilation of ‘how to’ articles, books, television programs, newspaper columns, radio sections and products relating to the eight core content areas all through the four business section. Publishing is Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia's largest business section that accounted for US $182.6 million of total revenues for 2002. It includes magazines such as Martha Stewart Living and Martha Stewart Weddings, nearly 40 Martha Stewart books, the ask Martha newspaper column and radio show, and a music library of compilation CDs. The Television section accounted for US $ 26.7 million of total revenues for 2002, where it now offers around 30 opportunities every week for viewers to watch Martha Stewart programming. Kmart plays a huge role in Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia's merchandising section. In 1987, Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia and Kmart created a partnership that has been extremely beneficial for both companies. Sales of Martha Stewart merchandise in Kmart stores have reportedly been in excess of US $5 billion since the beginning of the partnership. (Louria, 2) In 2001, Kmart sold US $1.5 billion worth of Martha Stewart Everyday house wares, and those licensing fees a ccounted for almost 25% of Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia's profits. But since Kmart filed for bankruptcy on January 22, 2001, Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia finds its fastest growing section - merchandising - in jeopardy. Kmart has increasingly lost ground to competitors such as Wal-Mart and Target due to ill-advised price-cutting strategies and a mismanaged supply chain. It has already closed the doors of 250 to 350 of 2,100 stores and Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia has taken quite a hit. ... It has already closed the doors of 250 to 350 of 2,100 stores and Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia has taken quite a hit. In many ways, the IPO for Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, Inc. has thus far been the high watermark for both the organization and its principal stockholder, Martha Stewart. It was Martha's singular good fate-as well as bad fate-to go public with her stock offering at nearly the top of the greatest bull market in American history. This timing meant that while she immediately became a billionaire on paper, the stock would likely drift down with the rest of the market, so that, financially speaking at least, she had no where to go but down as well. Not only has she so far been unable to hold on to the initial phenomenal gains from the IPO itself, but also there have come to be other-and more troublesome-questions clouding the organization's future. One question had been hovering over the organization from the day it went public: What would happen to the shares if Martha herself-who held more of them than anyone else-were to meet an untimely end It was the same question that some investors had tossed out regularly during the IPO road show. (Louria, 3) Now that the stock was trading publicly, it was no longer a matter of mere theoretical concern: More than a billion dollars of stock market wealth hung on the ability of the organization's chairman to bolt from bed each morning and begin pursuing one of the most demanding schedules of any public figure on earth. And there was another problem that abruptly moved from the realm of the theoretical to the real: Would Martha's organization be able to survive looming problems besetting its most lucrative business partner, Kmart Corp. The entire matter became real, immediate, and suddenly

Warehousing and Inventory Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Warehousing and Inventory Management - Essay Example A computerized management system is the best option. Any WMS must ensure an effective and efficient management of inventory. A WMS aims at controlling and storing of inventory in the warehouse. This process is closely linked to transactions such as putting away and picking, receiving and shipping. WMS also help in directing and optimizing inventory put-away based on real-time information concerning status of bin utilization. WMS usually make use of data capture facilities such as wireless LANs, RFID, mobile computers, and barcode readers. Data collection is followed by either batch synchronization or wireless transmission to a central database. This can then give useful reports about the status of inventory in the warehouse. WMSs aim at providing automated procedures of handling receipt and returns of inventory, modelling and managing logical representation of the warehouse, managing inventory within the store and enabling a seamless link to order processing. WMSs help in controlling the movement and storage of materials within a warehouse. They data-track inventory during production and interpret between existing ERP and WMS systems Warehouse management should be incorporated with the rest of the business to help in streamlining operations, reducing costs and speeding up order fulfilment. Setting up of a criterion to help in guiding the most efficient put away locations, bin quantities, and pick patterns is very vital in warehouse management. Any warehouse management practice should help in reducing bottlenecks and multiple handling. Materials handling information should be input directly from the warehouse to assist in reducing inefficiency and data handling redundancy (Frazelle, 2001). Pick and pack process in a warehouse should be automatically updated. This ensures accurate and timely fulfilling of orders and quickly responding to status inquiry. The warehouse management should decide on the sophistication level of their management system confidently. It should adapt to new volumes, technologies, products and processes with ease. It should also be at par with the growth of the business (Warman, 1971). Integration of other business operations such as manufacturing and order processing with warehouse helps in optimizing the layout, handling multiple orders, managing replenishment, and proper utilizing of space. The warehouse manager should incorporate various pick prioritization methods that include FIFO, FEFO and LILO into directed movement, pick and put away decisions (Frazelle, 2001). All credit or debit inventory records should be kept separate from sales, source documents and purchase receipts. This will help in maintaining accurate inventory records one when one needs to access records for display and testing among other operational needs. The warehouse manager should keep a visible inventory to help in increasing the efficiency and accuracy of management (Jenkins, 1968). To help in item tracking serial numbers should be used to help in determining where the products were bought, processed and sold. This will help in reducing waste and limiting carriage of expired stock via FEFO handling. Warehouse management

Religious Diffusion in The Early Medieval Era Assignment

Religious Diffusion in The Early Medieval Era - Assignment Example Religious diffusion is a well-attested phenomenon that is scholarly considered controversial. Baghdad grew speedily into the â€Å"world’s navel† when caliph al-Mansur of the Muslims was established as the Abbasid Dynasty’s capital city. The spread of the Islamic religion gives us an excellent example of how both the empire and the religion intertwined to develop the foundation of modern social geography in the world. On the other hand, Chinese Buddhism or Christianity for which most empires acted as the major expansion drive; Islamic itself is the religion, which led to formation of many empires . The Islamic ascent from Arabia unified all the territories, which were between the other universal religions (Christianity and Buddhism) and unified the world in unpredictable forms. The only empire that resisted these universalizing faiths was the Tang Empire. Both Christianity and Buddhism resembled one another in important ways. Christianity could emphasize on how things of these earth are not essential, urging people to concentrate on their spiritual destiny as well as focusing on the divinity. It served as a major cultural revolution in the entire history of the west. Unsurprisingly, Christianity just like Buddhism brought essential monastic movement whereby people especially the holy ones decided to live in a spiritual manner as well as serving their religion . In essence, Buddhism teachings exemplarily show cultural diffusion took place in the medieval world history.

Assess the impact of Export Processing Zones (EPZs) on consumers and Essay

Assess the impact of Export Processing Zones (EPZs) on consumers and employees in developing countries. Answers should draw on examples and theories of international trade taught on this module - Essay Example Export Processing Zones holds pregnant promises to developing countries, with the hope of enlivened economy through foreign direct investors. It is just fitting therefore to study how they have affected developing societies through the eyes of the consumers and the laborers. EPZs are also designed to generate jobs for locals. With the presence of foreign investors and with the usually cheap labor in developing countries, Export Processing Zones promise job opportunities and improvement. Aside from the locals directly employed in the EPZs, it also adds to employment through backward and forward linkages. Backward linkage is formed through raw materials and financing suppliers which are mainly locals while forward linkage is observed through the spending of employees of EPZs (Ahmadu). The ability to export products even by developing countries, and benefit that they gets from the trade is clearly described by David Ricardo in his theory of comparative advantage. According to Ricardo, even if a country has the absolute advantage in all products, meaning he is the most efficient among all countries in production, it will still be worthwhile to trade with another country, so that both would be benefitted (Mankiw, 1998). David Ricardo constructed a two-country, two-good example with one country having the absolute advantage in the production of both and using the concept of opportunity cost, he was able to conclude that even in this situation trade would make both better off as this allows each country to specialize in the product that he does best. The Labor condition, however, is also a question. EPZ workers are observed to receive lower wages than their non-EPZ workers counterparts. In Sri Lanka, for example, earnings of workers in the electronics sector are slightly lower than the national wages in the same jobs while in South Korea and the Philippines, payment for overtime works are tied to normal working hours (Ahmadu). Payment incentive schemes that include "demerit points" that affect wages and job security increased work hours and inensity (Ahmadu). This disadvatanges happens due to the absence of regulatory authorities in Export Processing Zones. Due to this adverse work condition, unionisation is prevalent among EPZs, although union activities are limited in some countries. In the Philippines, for example, strike are unathorized, based on the recognition that EPZs are very crucial to the country's economic success. On Employment: The Philippine Case The Philippines has four Export Processing Zones, found in the provinces of Bataan, Cebu, Benguet and Cavite. Among these are 16 government-administered regional industrial centres and 36 private-owned businesses. The EPZs has been strongly supported by the past administrations beginning from President Marcos up to the Arroyo Administration. A study of the Center for Applied Research and Library Services in the country, however, has revealed that EPZ has been discriminatory against women in terms of employment with women required to be single and college educated while men are not and that jobs that require higher skills are usually given to men

The Tale of the Greatest Divine King Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Tale of the Greatest Divine King - Essay Example Charlemagne journeyed to Rome and at Easter time he accompanied Pope Hadrian I to St. Peter’s Basilica, where they avowed mutual oaths, hence validating the union of Charles’ father with the papacy. The implication of the alliance was revealed by Charlemagne in a correspondence to Pope Leo III in 796,â€Å"It is our part with the help of divine holiness to defend by armed strength the holy church of Christ everywhere from the outward onslaughts of the pagans and the ravages of the infidels and to strengthen within the knowledge of the Catholic faith. It is your part, most Holy Father, to help our armies with your hands lifted up to Gold like Moses, so that, by your intercession and by the leadership and gift of God, the Christian people may everywhere   and always have victory over the enemies of his holy name and that the name of our Lord Jesus Christ may be glorified throughout the world† (Logan, 2002, 73). Through this letter, written by Charlemagne himself, it is logical to assume about his motive in forging the alliance and good relationship with the church. Here is an idea of a perfect Christian society, to whose security and prosperity both king and pope were tied together in a joint effort.Four years following the letter of Charlemagne, at Christmas in St. Peter’s Basilica, Pope Leo anointed and crowned Charlemagne as the new Roman emperor. Charlemagne, a king whose roots are barbaric, received the title of emperor on an occasion whose entire implication still mystifies modern scholarship. Since 487, there had been no Roman emperor in the West; the lone emperor was the woman named Irene, ruling the vestiges of the ancient Roman Empire from Constantinople.

Child Health Patterns Essay Example for Free

Child Health Patterns Essay 1)Compare and contrast identified similarities as well as differences in expected assessment across the childhood age groups. In the health perception category parents are responsible for their child’s perceived level of health and well-being, and on practices for maintaining health. In the school age years the children are beginning to incorporate their own health practices like good hygiene in their daily lives. The nutrition and metabolic pattern continues with help of the parents. Toddlers and preschoolers rely on their parents to make sure that they are eating the right foods. School age kids are in the stage where they can pick out their own foods and have been taught what the best sources of good nutrition are. In the toddler age group, parents are beginning to initiate toileting training. By the school age years this age groups has elimination patterns similar to adults. With the exception of those who have elimination problems like enuresis. Throughout the three age groups, activity and exercise levels continue to increase with the learning of new fine and gross motor skills. Once again parents continue to play a big role by promoting healthy levels of physical activity with their child. As the child begins to age so does their ability to comprehend and use information. Each age group the child continues to add another cognitive function. The biggest difference between sleep patterns is that as the child ages naps are no longer needed. All of the age groups tend to need at least 8 hours of sleep. The differences between the age groups in the roles and relationship pattern is that in the toddler and preschool age they try to identify with their parents or care givers whereas school age children begin to focus or identify with their peers. The value and belief pattern is instilled in the child when they are born. Parents or caregivers teach their children what values are important to them. 2)Summarize how a nurse would handle physical assessments, examinations, education, and communication differently with children versus adults. Consider spirituality and cultural differences in your answer. Adults and children are in two different stages of life. Children are in the stages were they are still learning and understanding how the healthcare world works. Most adults on the other hand are used to going to the doctor and they kind of understand the routine during the assessment process. â€Å"Many assessment techniques for the child are similar to those of the adults. Techniques for approaching the pediatric patient vary from one age group to the next. A basic principle during the physical assessment is building a trusting relationship; this can be done in a variety of ways† (Estes, 2006, pg 848). When assessing the child the nurse must establish a game plan based on the child’s age. Children are already frightened about the idea of receiving an exam but the nurse can use techniques to reduce anxiety. Parents or caregivers must be available for support. According to Estes, 2006 nurses can use game playing and they can demonstrate procedures on a doll, stuff toy or on the parent to increase patient cooperativeness. The writer remembers learning in nursing school about when taking the blood of a younger child. Never say â€Å"I’m going to take your blood pressure† but say something like â€Å"I going to see how strong your muscles are with this cuff†. When educating the child try to involve their parents but use materials that are on the child’s level. This can consists of materials that use colorful pictures and graphics. Individuals have to understand their own beliefs and traditions especially nurses who are with always dealing with the public. Each day more nurses are providing care to patients that are from different cultures. With such a diverse population challenges will be faced. â€Å"As American society shifts in demographics and attitudes about diversity, there is a growing recognition that health and illness care occurs in dynamic interactions situated within complex cultural contexts for both patients and providers† (Benkert, Borse, Doorenbos,Schim,2005, pg324). Nurse have to be more culturally sensitive when assessing and educating patients. If the nurse is unfamiliar with ethnicity or race then research should be done before the assessment if time allows. References Benkert, R. Borse,N. Doorenbos, A. Schim, S.2005. Psychometric Evaluation of the Cultural Competence Assessment Instrument Among Healthcare Providers. Nursing Research.54(5)324-331. Edleman,C. Mandle C.(2010). Health Promotion Throughout the Life Span. Missouri: Mosby Elsevier. Estes M. (2006). Health Assessment Physical Examination.Canada: Thompson Delmar Learning.

The James Bulger Case Criminology Essay

The James Bulger Case Criminology Essay Both Attard and murder.co.uk introduce the case by saying that on the 12th of February, Denise Bulger took her son, Jamie, to her local shopping centre in Bootle,Liverpool at around 3.30 p.m. Nine minutes later she realised that her son was not next to her anymore and started to look for him. She went to security , police were called on the spot and together they watched CCTV cameras of the shopping centre to try and determine what happened to the boy. Jamie was seen leaving the premises alongside two other boys and the police thought little of it as no one could have ever made out the horrific events that followed so they set out to search for him and the two boys. A couple of days later , some children were playing next to a train railway and saw what they thought was a doll or something similar. When they got close to the presumed doll , they saw the most haunting image one could imagine ; a toddlers body cut in half.Police were again called on the spot and initial indications sho wed that the body belonged to Jamie Bulger.After this horrendous find , police deepened its investigation even using the media as a mean to get to the bottom of all of it with the children seen accompanying him in the tape being the prime suspects. A tip came in on who the boys might be, and two boys both aged 10 ;Jon Venables and Robert Thompson (their identity was only revealed after the sentencing) were brought in for questioning. Both boys were sent to court and tried with the murder of Jamie Bulger. The trial began in November of 1993, and the horrific events of this macabre murder were revealed to shock not just the nation but the whole world. After leaving the premises together with Jamie Bulger , Jon Venables and Robert Thompson took him on a 2.5 mile trip beating him along the way until they reached the railway. Once there, Jamie was further beaten, thrown stones and paint at, and had his trousers and shoes removed implying perhaps a sexual assault (never proven.)In additio n to this, Jamie was hit with an iron rod for around 30 times , leading to his death. Afterwards, the boys put Jamie on the railway fully knowing that a train would come soon to try and conceal their terrible actions by perhaps implying that Jamie would have walked there on his own, fell , and hit by a train. This shows the full wittiness of the boys and that they knew exactly what they were up to. Both Jon Venables and Robert Thompson were found guilty and sent to at least 8 years imprisonment in a detention centre. B)Background Of Case The forensic evidence presented in James Bulgers case proved to be very strong and lead to the boys being found guilty beyond any reasonable doubt. Forensic scientists such as Graham Jackson , Andy Mulley and Philip Rydeard managed to conclude that blood found on the suspects matched that of the victims but not just this , Rydeard also managed to prove that the shoe characteristics of one of the boys was found on the victim. A number of paint-marks were found both on the victims and the suspects clothes. These marks , light-blue in colour , established that this paint was used during or before the murder. This helped to further strengthen the evidence brought forward against Jon Venables and Robert Thompson. http://www.crimeandinvestigation.co.uk/crime-files/james-bulger/trial.html The number of blows that James suffered from the boys were so numerous that no forensic scientist was able to determine which blow was the fatal one. http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/young/bulger/6.html Videotape recordings of the boys interrogations were shown in court as evidence by the prosecution. A pathologist , Alan Williams, utilised in the case concluded that James Bulgers foreskin had been manipulated with. Thus , this might imply that there was a sexual element in the murder , a notion that was never proven as the evidence was inconclusive. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/reexamining-the-evidence-a-year-ago-this-week-james-bulger-was-murdered-by-two-11yearold-boys-the-crime-shook-the-nation-the-boys-were-tried-convicted-and-locked-away-but-what-do-we-know-about-them-do-we-know-why-they-did-it-after-months-of-research-including-interviews-with-parents-of-both-boys-we-publish-in-two-parts-the-story-that-has-not-been-told-1392400.html This evidence was perhaps the weakest presented in court against the young defendants. In addition to this , the shopping centres CCTV tapes , the numerous weapons such as 27 bricks , stones and the 22lb iron rod were all presented in court to further remove all possibilities of the boys innocence. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/james-bulger-suffered-multiple-fractures-pathologist-reveals-twoyearold-had-42-injuries-including-fractured-skull-jonathan-foster-reports-1503297.html 38 witnesses also took the stand all saying that they saw Bulger accompanying Venables and Thompson on Bulgers fatal journey to the railway.A woman testified that she even stopped them and was going to take Bulger to the police station herself but withdrew from doing so and trusted the boys with the quest , little knowing what they were up to.http://www.murderuk.com/child_killers_thompson_venables.html The evidence presented in the case is both strong and unique , the blood found on the victim was matched with that of the suspect, the paint was also equal on both the victim and the suspects , whilst the shoeprint of one of the suspects was found on the victims body.In addition to this , CCTV cameras played a key role in this case as they showed the boys leaving the shopping premises whilst other CCTV cameras of premises leading to the railway also showed Bulger being accompanied by Venables and Thompson. .http://www.murderuk.com/child_killers_thompson_venables.html C(investigation) After the suspects were brought in for questioning, the police started to suspect that the involvement of Venables and Thompson in the murder was almost certain , yet they had to prove this and the fact that the suspects were both 10 years old did not help them all. Since the boys were under the age of 14 , a specific set of questions were asked by the police so that they can determine whether the suspects knew right from wrong and this would help to destroy the notion of doli incapax in court. The boys differ in their reaction to interrogation, Venables is terrified of the idea of going to prison , Thompson on the other hand , keeps his composure and stays cool despite fully knowing the consequences.They both start to slowly give details of the case with Venables stating that he was at the area but never at the shopping centre , Thompson on the other hand gives a vivid description of Bulger including the outfit Bulger was wearing the day of the murder.The police finally notice that Thompson can not conceal his nervousness whenever Bulger is mentioned until finally he breaks and admits that they had taken him to the railway.On the 20th of February 1993 , after managning to collect enough evidence , the police were finally able to charge both Venables and Thompson with the kidnapping and manslaughter of Bulger. http://www.crimeandinvestigation.co.uk/crime-files/james-bulger/trial.html Despite the fact that the investigation was handled logically well given the tender age of the suspects , personally I still believe that it could have been handled better. First of all, I would have brought in the witnesses infront of the suspects to see the suspects reaction to them and perhaps get the confession out of them faster. In addition to this , I would have tried to put the fact that the suspects were mere boys aside as much as possible and fought for not just a confession but perhaps for an explanation as to why they committed the horrific murder. This would have been very helpful in court, not just to show the awareness that the boys had of the nature of the crime they committed, but to further establish whether these boys were a threat to society or whether this was just something that happened without any possible explanation. The pressure the police had from both the media and the whole nation certainly did not help them in their investigation and perhaps this is why the police were looking for a confession as quick as possible. Since the media was portraying the suspects as monsters it must have been very hard for the police to sympathize with the suspects as they could not understand why these boys had committed this murder.This would be where my investigation would differ, as I wouldve befriended the suspects , hard as it would have been , in order to try to get the truth perhaps by doing what you would with do any kid ; offering them a reward for their cooperation. This , I believe , would have played a crucial role in getting a confession out of the boys. D) Why it Happened?(Criminological theories) A number of criminological theories could be put into question in James Bulgers case but perhaps the most controversial one could be applied in this case; Cesare Lombrosos Born- Criminal theory. This criminological theory is inarguably the most dangerous one as it gives no logical explanation as the criminals themselves can not explain why they commit certain crimes and no one can recognise these crimininals except for their special characteristics or their odd behaviour according to Lombroso. http://roxbury.net/images/pdfs/ct4ssg.pdf This theory could be applied in this case as the boys never gave any real explanation to why they committed the crime, which might have been due to the fact that they did not possess any logical explanation which even if not entirely, it backs the Born-Criminal theory. This notion of being born criminal is also backed by the detectives who handled this case as they could find no other possible justification why children could murder children alike. On the other hand , in the case of Robert Thompson , the criminogenic family he was raised in could have played an important factor in his behaviour. His mother and his siblings were all mercilessly beaten by his father Robert Thompson senior who eventually abandoned his family. After this, his mother turned to drinking and violent behaviour became a habit if her aswell. This shows that Thompson was not immune to violent behaviour , which may in turn give some insight about his criminal behaviour. Jon Venables also showed a rather odd behaviour even if not entirely criminal at school after his parents split up.He demanded to have everything he wanted, and violence was his main amusement . In addition to this, when Jon Venables went to spend a few days with his father, he was exposed to some incredibly gr uesome videos or pornographic ones which were certainly not suitable for his young age.One of this videos , Childs Play 3 contained a horrific murder which was very close in resemblance to the one he and his friend Thompson committed. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1257614/The-police-sure-James-Bulgers-year-old-killers-simply-wicked-But-parents-dock.html Criminology is the study of criminal behaviour but in this case society seemed to deter from trying to understand these young boys , rather they enjoyed condemning them blaming everything from violent video games to problems in society such as divorce and theft amongst other things. This lead to society accepting the notion put forward by then Prime Minister John Major that society should try to understand a little less and rather condemn a little more. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/major-on-crime-condemn-more-understand-less-1474470.html

The History And Methods Of Soap Making

The History And Methods Of Soap Making Some individuals find it amusing to make their own soaps at home. Soap making has been a pleasurable hobby to a few soapers, as they are frequently called. Isnt it a great way to bond with your kids over the weekend? More than that soap making encourages enjoyment either for pleasure or as an earning potentials just by being creative in your talents. The wonder of soap making is that you can get your imagination run wild and come up with something unique that is entirely based to your own specifications and liking. You can likewise create exceptionally fun gifts for any occasions. Which are better, handmade soaps or commercial soaps? Why not choose commercially produce soap? Little did we know that these commercial soaps are unhealthy to our skin? Normally, we tend to buy soaps that give the most lather and stronger fragrance which is likely the more reason that we should not choose. The lather is actually just chemicals that we enjoy rubbing in our skins which may eventually cause dry scaly skin. Handmade soaps are better than those we buy commercially. Why? Because handmade soap uses only oils from flowers, herbs and spices that bring about the natural aromatherapy which gives a soothing effect on our body. They are basically hypoallergenic and safe to use all over our body even to face and hair. If you want to know more about homemade soaps then read on. In this book, I will show you how fun and easy it is to create your own handcrafted exotic designed soaps. Plus, the ultimate factor is to turn your personal hobby into a lucrative business. How would you like a grasp of that splendid opportunity? Soaps Humble Beginnings We have been using soap every day in our lives since we were born. But have you ever paused for a moment and wonder how all this started? The farthest demonstration I can find that people uses soap is from the earlier history which dates back to around 2800 BC in Ancient Babylon. A formula was found written in a Babylonian clay tablet around 2200 BC consisting of water, alkali and cassia oil. Before that there were no records or documentation that the grand baths of kings and queens are soaps, instead they use essential oils. In 1550 BC Ancient Egyptian were found to bathe regularly in animal and vegetable oils with alkaline salt. Beginning from the 7th century soap was produced in West Bank, Kufa and Vassra (Iraq). Soaps were already perfumed and colored and come in liquid or solid form at that time. Even soaps for shaving already exist. In the 8th century, soap making was then a renowned necessity for both man and woman. The recognition was attributed to Charlemagne who mentioned that soap is one of the useful products. Chemists were the ones who produced the soap made from vegetable oil (olive oil), aromatic oils (thyme oil), and lye (al-Sosa-al-Kawia). During the 13th century, a manuscript was found to contain soap recipes such as sesame oil, a sprinkle of potash, alkali, and some lime. Mixed all together and boil. When cooked, they are poured into molds and left to set producing a hard soap. A local record of the Bristol Company of soap makers were found in the year 1562 1642 which includes the names of more than 180 individuals including members of the family and those who were engage in trading for the business. Included in the record was the production of Bristol soap which is a soft type of black soap and Bristol grey soap which is the harder type was believed to have been largely supplied in London sold only a penny per pound. In the 16th century finer soaps are introduced using vegetable oil. In this modern time history, a better understanding of hygiene emanated due to the need of reducing population of pathogenic microorganisms. It was until the 17th century that a commercial production was born a high quality transparent soap product was introduced by Andrew Pears in 1789 in London. It was then during the late 18th century that soaps were industrially manufactured after promoting awareness for cleanliness and health. In 1862 Andrew Pears son-in-law Thomas J. Barratt opened a factory in Isleworth. Low-priced good quality soap was produced by William Gossage. Soap powder was manufactured by Robert Spear Hudson in 1837 by grinding the soap with mortar and pestle. Up to this day, Unilever is the largest soap business which was founded by William Hesketh Lever and his brother James who bought a small soap works in Warrington in 1885. It was also in 1806 that a certain William Colgate opened the first great soap making concern in New York called Colgate and Company, They started selling individual soaps of the same size or weights only in 1830. Then in 1872 they introduced the first perfumed soap called cashmere bouquet. Competition started to manifest when William Proctor and James Gamble opened a new business by selling candles and soaps house to house. They started their business venture in Cincinnati, and achieve tremendous success in a few years time and became a huge manufacturer. They distribute products in large quantities to major cities and in 1879, Proctor and Gamble launched Ivory Soap in the Western United States. Another company was born, B.J. Johnson making soap entirely from palm and olive oil. Their soap gained incredible success that that pave way to renaming their company after palm that brought about the birth of Palmolive. The emergence of this four major companies transformed soap into a multi-billion dollar industry. The intense of their competition also give rise to the introduction of laundry detergents in the early 1990s.CHAPTER 1 Superstitions and Myths The Folklores of Soap As I tried to look into the Myths of Soap, it made me aghast to find out the different versions of their story. Some says soaps are made from human corpses while others say otherwise. Would you believe that? Yuck!!!! Yes, that was my prompt reaction. But it is what it is they say. This is the storyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. During World War II, the mass production of soap was originally taken from the Jewish concentration camp victims. However, the Yad Vashem Memorial denied the fact that the Nazis did not mass produced soap from human corpses. They said that the story was only made up to scare off the inmates. On the contrary, evidence shows the possibility that research facilities did developed a process of soap production from human bodies. The speculations of human soap came about because of the presumption of the labels RIF found on bars of soap, meaning Reichs-Juden-Fett or translated as the State Jewish Fat. It was then explained that in German acronym, i and j were frequently interchanged, they vary only in length. It was then afterwards corrected. RIF stands for Reichsstelle fur Industrielle Fettversorgung or National Center for Industrial Fat Provisioning. The RIF is the German government agency who was in-charge of soap and other washing materials in production and distribution. They concluded that RIF soap is a substitute product of poor quality and does not contain human fat at all. This story has been circulating Lubin in October 1942, apparently the Germans knew about this. In fact a certain chief Heinrich Himmler received a letter stating that Poles believed the story of the Jewish people being boiled into soap. As the word spread so widely, instilling fear in the minds of Polish population gave them the reason to boycott the buying of soaps. This prompted Himmler to cremate or bury the bodies immediately. I thought that was the end of a gruesome story but there is more. A certain Sigmund Mazur, a laboratory assistant at the Danzig Anatomical Institute testified in the Nuremberg trial. He attested to the truth that production of soap was made from the corpse fats at the camp. More so, he added that 40 bodies can extract 70 to 80 kg of fat and can produce more than 25 kg of soap. Finished products are kept under the hand of Professor Spanner. This time there are available witnesses to his statement, they are The British POWs (the labors that constructed the camp), Dr. Stanislaw Byczkowski (head of the Department of Toxicology at the Gdansk School of Medicine). The holocaust survivor, Thomas Blatt who investigated the subject found only a few concrete documentations and with great frustration found no evidence of the said experimental soap. Somehow, evidence came up proving that a small scale of experimental soap production did exist. Mazur even gave a copy of the recipe. Here it is: 5 kilos of human fat, mixed with 10 liters of water with 500 or 1000 grams of caustic soda. Boiled all together for 3 hours and then cooked. The soap will float and the rest of the sediments and water remains at the bottom. A bit of salt and soda is added to this mixture. Then again water is added boiled for another 2 3 hours. Letting it cold, the cold then is poured into its mold. There are more other versions of the story like the report made by Alexander Werth that he did actually see the experimental factor and saw the parts of the corpses. We also have the Alain Resnais who published the testimony of the Holocaust survivor. Acting on the contrary side is the Historian Yisrael Gutman who specifically said that it was never done on a mass scale. Then it was corrected by a certain Holocaust historian Robert Melvin Spector that the Nazis did indeed use human fat for the making of soap in limited quantity though. The veracity of the myth is difficult to solve, it is up to you how you want to conclude this part of the story. On my side, I am still overwhelmed with disbelief. What about you, would you rather believe the myth, or not? CHAPTER 2 Soap Description and Its Composition Basic elements of soap amaking http://www.purenaturalsoap.org/basic-elements-soap-making-ingredients.html CHAPTER 3 Tools You Need Lets get started with your soap making venture Soap making, it is not as hard as you think it is. Take time to look into your kitchen you might find the things you need, if not you can always visit nearby stores. If you are not much of a kitchen person, I presume that you should need to go shopping first. Funny as it may sound but you do have to go buy the important and basic tools you need before moving further on. What you need are the following: Scale (digital or manual) have an accurate scale measuring 1/10th of an ounce. This is used to measure all your ingredients like oil, lye, fragrance, additives and water. Safety goggles and rubber gloves you must wear this during the process to protect your eyes and hands from lye solutions and caustic raw soap Stainless steel pitcher with lid or any heat resistant plastic this is use for mixing your solution. Large stainless steel or plastic spoon definitely for stirring solutions. For smaller soaps (2-3 lbs) you may use a large pyrex pitcher, but for bigger size you will need an 8-12 quart stainless steel pot. Glass or plastic bowl or a pitcher- this is use to hold your liquid oils before adding to the soap pot. Candy or Meat Thermometer an accurate and quick reading is preferred to monitor the temperature of your solution and melted oils. Small beakers, ramekins or measuring cups this is used to hold your fragrance oils, colorants, separated soap and additives before adding to the soap. Small spoons and whisks use to blend colorants, fragrance oils, and melted oils. Large stainless steel or plastic ladle is used to ladle out a bit of raw soap to blend colorants . Stick Blender blend oils and other mixture and start saponification process. Soap mold be creative, you can use any shape of container that are leak-proof. You may use plastic, glass, or stainless steel. Never use aluminum or metal. Plastics are preferable. Rubber spatulas- used for scraping to make use of all mixture leaving nothing to waste. Paper towels or dish cloths for wiping spills. Rags to catch spills while working Peeler, scotch tape and knife CHAPTER 4 Easy Steps of Soap Making Rule of thumb: There are various approaches in making soap. The easiest way is to buy pre-mixed or soap making packs that are readily available in the market. The other one is to buy individually the ingredients needed along with the useful tools required for your soap making operandi. The ingredients and tools you need for your homemade soap will depend of course on the method you choose, we have the melt and pour method, hot or cold process, Rebatching or Milled soap, and the liquid soap. Soap Making Methods Melt and Pour Soap Making Method This is the easiest and most common way to make your own homemade soap. If you are a novice on this undertaking you may choose this method, as the title melt and pour suggest all you have to do is melt a pre-made soap base into a liquid then probably add some extra ingredients and then pour it to your desired mold designà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. and Presto! You have your own new specially created homemade soap. Using translucent or opaque glycerin soap for melting is absolutely favorable to your skin because it consists only of vegetable oils. Cold Process Method This is more challenging, a mixture of science and personal touch of artistry is what makes this method uniquely your own style. This method is the most versatile, let you visualize and naturally brings out your creativity. In this way, you are obliged to make your own soap base from scratch through saponification which means soap making. What is saponification process? It is the process where oil or fat (tristearin) is treated with sodium hydroxide solution called lye to form soap and glycerine. When chemical reaction starts to occur, other ingredients may now be added of your choice excluding artificial ingredients whatever your preference would be. Hot Process Method The hot method process is similar to the cold process only heat is used to speed up the saponification process. You may use an oven, a crock pot or even a microwave for the heat application. This has been an age old usage in soap making. One disadvantage of this method though, is the difficulty of removing the finished product from its mold. But it has also its advantageous gain; cure time is greatly reduced thus skipping weeks of waiting and able to use your new soap right away. Rebatching or Milled Method This method involves shredding your own soap creation, melting and adding your specially selected choice of additional ingredients. This is most likely the same with melt and pours however, in this method you do not use a pre-made soap to shred. This method requires that you know the hot and cold method first. You can used this method particularly for your unsuccessful batches, save it and re-melt the soap for your next project. Proper Steps-by-step Process of Making Soap B-1 Preparation Stage I know you are already intensely excited to know how to start your soap making adventure. Let me not hinder your curiosity any longer, here is what you should do during the preparation stage. COLD PROCESS METHOD Step 1 Getting Ready. Before starting, make sure that you have everything you need. Plan ahead. It is better if you can spare extra time reading and learning everything you need to know before attempting to make your own homemade soaps. If you can do that I am pretty sure of your enormous success. Choosing your perfect location. An ideal area should be close to the oven, easy access to water, a large flat table where you can work and a part of the house that is free from distractions. Preferably your own private area, if possible if not then any place that has the least distraction. Taking care and protecting your workplace. Cover your area with vinyl table cloth (optional), on this way it is easier for you to wipe and clean your surface and avoid oil leaks running through your table. Vinyl cloths are reusable and affordable that is why I highly recommend you use the same. Setting up equipments and ingredients. Set up all your soap making supplies according to your working convenience and flow. A working place you feel comfortable and set up in a manner that works with you even with your eyes close. Preparing your soap molds. You may line up your molds in one place ready with its plastic wrap or butcher paper. Preparing your insulation area Lay down a blanket on a warm draft area where you will allow your process soap to cool down for 24 hours. And in that side, prepare an extra piece of butchers paper to use for covering the top of your soap. A Styrofoam or a plywood is also recommended. It will be put on top of the wax paper to regulate the heat during the cooling period and protects the soap from any possible accidents. Rapid heat loss may result to a chalky soap. Step 2 Preparing your Favorite Additives. If you are a novice to soap making, I advise you try on with a couple of additives at first. As you get the feel of soap making you can always add more additive techniques. How to pre-heat your oven. Oven must be warm and not hot. Meaning you are able to remove what you place inside with your bare hands no need for mitts! How to measure additives and essential oils Measuring your botanicals or colorants in advance and placing them on ramekins encourage a faster and convenient working scenario once you start making homemade soaps. You may do it also with your essential oils or rosemary extracts if you are using it and superfatting nutrients and keep them in a small sealed jar. An organized area benefits you with ease and peace of mind which is very helpful to keep your mind focus on what you are doing. Step 3 The Proper Way to Measure Base Ingredients. All steps in making soaps are considered important, but we need to pay extra attention on weighing ingredients with ultimate accuracy. Familiarize yourself with the weighing scale. Inaccurate measurement will just waste your time, money and effort. Lye and oil if measured wrongly will tend to get heavy in cold process soap which either you have to rework or throw away. How to prepare and measure lye Measure water and place in a jug. Get ready and wear your working clothes wear goggles, gloves, long sleeve clothing and safety equipment before putting your hand on sodium hydroxide. You may now measure your lye and slowly pour it into the water and stirring simultaneously until lye crystals are completely dissolved. Fumes will start to manifest as you mix the lye solution. What I do during this time is to hold my breath until lye is dissolve and leave the working area for a few minutes or until fumes disappear. IMPORTANT: Always add the sodium hydroxide to the water and not the other way around. If you mistakenly mix sodium to water an unpleasant and violent reaction could occur. How to measure base oils Measure each solid oils and place it into the stainless steel pot. Set the heat on a medium- low as you continue to measure the other ingredients, your solid oil is also gradually melting. And once the solid oils have melted remove the pot from your heating equipment before putting the other liquid oils and grapefruit seed extract into the pot. (extracts are optional) Step 4 The Proper Way of Mixing Oils and Lye Mixing oil varies from 5 to 10 minutes or even up to an hour depending on the ingredients you use. How to combine lye solution and oil mixture. Slowly pour the lye solution into the pot of oils using a whisk for stirring. Steadily and firmly continue stirring adequately fast enough to keep the mixture in constant motion but not too fast as to spill out some of the mixture. Your goal is to get the oil, lye, and water to combine well to make the soap. Thoroughly stir the mixture reaching all areas of the pot. The mixture will turn creamy and opaque and then begins to thicken. How to stir mixture that reaches its trace point. Continue stirring until reaching a thin trace. At this point we need to maintain a thin trace yet since we still have ingredients to add. How can you determine trace? What is trace? Trace means the lye-water and your heated oil are well blended and that the mixture will not separate back to its original oils and lye-water. To test your trace, deep a spatula or spoon into your mix then drip it back to the mix, if it takes a second or two to disappear back into the mix then youve got the trace right. Step 5 Adding Essential Additives of Your Choice and Pouring Soap to Your Mold. This is where your creativity comes in. Pour in all decorative and unique design soap making ideas at this point. How to incorporate additives B-2 How to Determine Temperature Step 1 How to check the temperature (COLD PROCESS) Lye solutions can be heated or cooled in a hot or cold water bath in the sink. Oils can be heated on heating elements or cooled in a cold water bath. Temperatures of oil mixture and lye solution should be at 90 95 degrees Fahrenheit or 32 35 degrees Celsius. It may be difficult to get temperatures almost the same but it gets easier as you develop on how to get the feel of the time frame or how long you can get lye to cool down.

The Recovery Rate Of The Male Is Significantly Faster Thna The Female :: essays research papers

THE RECOVERY RATE OF THE MALE IS SIGNIFICANTLY   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  FASTER THAN THAT OF THE FEMALE.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abstract:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This experiment is designed to test whether or not gender is a major contributing factor to the recovery heart rate in humans. Most would assume that the male heart rate would be considerably faster in recovery time than that of the female. This experiment furthers that assumption by eliminating uncontrolled variables such as age, build, and health conditions. Introduction:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The male human has always had certain physical advantages over the female human such as increased muscle mass, larger bones, and superb aggressiveness in times where deemed necessary. But is recovery rate (or, how long it takes for the heart rate to return to its resting rate) an advantage possessed by males also? The question posed in this experiment is whether or not the heart rate of the male will recover faster than that of a female. The hypothesis tested was that the male's heart rate would fall considerably faster than the female's after one minute of intense physical activity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is known already that males dominate females in the physical world in most cases. Males have much larger natural muscle mass, less body fat, and a physique that is designed for superiority in the physical world. Therefore it can only be assumed that the most important muscle of all (the heart) would also be superior in its performance. Mariotti 2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many factors can influence the results of testing this hypothesis. All variables have been controlled except for the variable gender. Both the male and female subjects are close in age (< two years difference), both are nonsmokers, both possess small body builds for their respective gender, and both have no debilitating medical conditions (e.g., asthma, diabetes, heart condition). Controlling these factors allowed for the testing of the hypothesis, which is focused strictly on gender. Materials and Methods:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The materials used: one wristwatch (with second hand), two variably indifferent humans (one male, one female), and a standard staircase at CCC. The method was simple: two test subjects were exposed to two trials involving one minute of physical activity and x minutes needed for the recovery of the heart rate. Before the experiment began, each subject's resting heart rate was taken. This would become the controlled variable. Next, each subject ran up one set of stairs at CCC, one stair at a time, for one minute. After one minute of activity, the subjects stopped and began taking his or her heart rate.

Medical Patient Records :: Electronic Medical Records

Medical patient records are organized domcuments created to obtain patient medical history and previous care. Medical records are personal documents stored by his or her health care provider. Each medical record has enough information to distinguish each patient . It contains their first and last name with gender and age. Every patient's medical records are different some contain more information due to their medical history. If a patient has alot of problems and have been treated then their file would have more information . Certain records also contain history of complaints and procedure, few records have photographs with a short summary of what is present. Medical records can be electronically stored , traditioanlly handwritten and even voice recorded. Medical records that are written on paper and kepted in folders are divivided into informative sections It contains medical terminology terms that any person in the medical field can read It should be written in either black or blue ink. Each provider should always document the evaluation and results of every visit during the visit. It is prohibited to pre-date or backdate an entry. If there is to be a mistake written in a wrong patients file it should be dated and signed by the person that is revising the file; this shows proof that it was corr ected.. The purpose of a medical record is for the health care provider to provide endless care to the individual patient. It serves a source for planning patient care and the services provided to that patient. Medical records begin from when the patient born. It contains diseases, illness and whatever the patient tells their physician about his or her past and present status. It also contains lab test results, medication that was ever prescribed. It also contains allergies, referrals ordered to other health care providers and plans for further care. Medical patient history inlcude families history and the status of the family members death if known. It tells relationships of the patient, his or her career and schooling this helps the physician to know and explain behavior of a patient in relation to illness or loss. It contains different habbits such as smoking use , alcohol , diet and exercise. History of vaccination is included and blood test prooving immunity. If a patient is hospitalized there are daily updates that are entered in the medical record; it documents clinical changes and new information.

Custom Shakespeares Hamlet Essay: Hamlet and Gertrude -- Essays on Sha

Hamlet and the Character of Gertrude  Ã‚        Ã‚   Shakespeare’s sinful woman in the tragedy Hamlet is named Gertrude. Wife of Claudius and mother of the prince, she is not selected by the ghost for vengeance by the protagonist. Let’s consider her story in this essay.    There is no doubt that Gertrude is a sinner in this play. In her book, Shakespeare’s Tragic Heroes, Lily B. Campbell describes the extent of Gertrude’s sin and of her punishment:    And of the Queen’s punishment as it goes on throughout the play, there can be no doubt either. Her love for Hamlet, her grief, the woes that come so fast that one treads upon the heel of another, her consciousness of wrong-doing, her final dismay are those also of one whose soul has become alienated from God by sin.(146)    Courtney Lehmann and Lisa S. Starks in "Making Mother Matter: Repression, Revision, and the Stakes of 'Reading Psychoanalysis Into’ Kenneth Branagh's Hamlet," comment on the contamination of the queen in Shakespeare’s Hamlet:    Hamlet, a play that centres on the crisis of the masculine subject and its "radical confrontation with the sexualized maternal body," foregrounds male anxiety about mothers, female sexuality, and hence, sexuality itself. Obsessed with the corruption of the flesh, Hamlet is pathologically fixated on questions of his own origin and destination -- questions which are activated by his irrepressible attraction to and disgust with the "contaminated" body of his mother. (1)    At the outset of the drama, Hamlet’s mother is apparently disturbed by her son’s appearance in solemn black at the gathering of the court, and she requests of him:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Good Hamlet, cast thy nighted colour off,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And let thi... ...htm    Campbell, Lily B. Shakespeare’s Tragic Heroes. New York: Barnes and Noble, Inc, 1970.    Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. Lectures and Notes on Shakspere and Other English Poets. London : George Bell and Sons, 1904. p. 342-368. http://ds.dial.pipex.com/thomas_larque/ham1-col.htm    Jorgensen, Paul A. â€Å"Hamlet.† William Shakespeare: the Tragedies. Boston: Twayne Publ., 1985. N. pag. http://www.freehomepages.com/hamlet/other/jorg-hamlet.html    Lehmann, Courtney and Lisa S. Starks. "Making Mother Matter: Repression, Revision, and the Stakes of 'Reading Psychoanalysis Into' Kenneth Branagh's Hamlet." Early Modern Literary Studies 6.1 (May, 2000): 2.1-24 .    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html No line nos.   

Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Multimedia to Enhance Web Sites Cookies & Spyware

Developing websites not only require the knowledge and skills in setting it up in the World Wide Web, but also implementing some elements that help in realizing the purpose of the website, making it attractive and interactive. This aim may be achieved by utilizing multimedia tools and applications in developing the website. Educational website count on multimedia to motivate online users to learn, gaming websites rely on animations for appeal and entertainment, and radio shows available online depend on the quality of audio streaming.Although utilizing multimedia seems to be the most effective way to improve the dynamics of a website to realize its purpose and objectives, it still holds disadvantages both for web site developers, owners, and users. A multimedia website is a dynamic website that utilizes various media of communication and information exchange such as audio and video materials, audio-visual elements, and animations. The objective of injecting multimedia to websites is to improve services and increase its viewers by initially attracting them and keeping them engaged or involved through pure entertainment.It attracts wider populations of online users because it appeals to audio, visual, audio-visual, and kinesthetically motivated individuals. Since multimedia websites are visually attractive overall, first-time visitors become interested and are instantly involved with the elements of the website. (Multimedia Websites, 2005) Aside from these advantages, multimedia websites also allow faster and easier access to larger populations. Access to multimedia websites is not limited to a particular number of online users. Moreover, the content of websites is easily modified when multimedia elements are used.(Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Types of Teaching Media that can be used in a Teleclassroom or on the Web, 2008)The disadvantage of multimedia websites lies in its planning, production, and maintenance stages. Establishing multimedia websites are costly and time-consuming. Website developers who utilize multimedia often require longer periods of time for preparation and development, while setting up multimedia websites require adequate amounts of resources. Maintenance is also key in making sure that the website functions efficiently at all times.However, website owners cannot maintain multimedia websites on their own. They need to require the services of website developers, which is again costly. For online users, it would probably discourage them to view multimedia websites because it takes much time for these websites to download. (Multimedia Websites, 2005) In order to harness the benefits and advantages of multimedia, website developers and owners should consider some important factors. Initially, website owners and developers should determine whether there is a need to utilize multimedia, or to utilize multimedia minimally or fully.This requires determining the purpose, goals and objectives, and content of the web site. Some websites should only use audio or visual elements while other sophisticated websites need to use audio-visual and animation elements. The best way to utilize multimedia effectively is to use it judiciously. Website owners and developers would not want to overwhelm online users with complex and overlapping multimedia structures and they do not want to bore them with plain colors and texts either. (Kit & Kuan, 2006)Learning to control the use of multimedia and knowing when it is appropriate to utilize it is a primary consideration. The time and available financial resources should also be considered. In general, multimedia should be used in developing website if the operator or owner operates on multimedia elements. For instance, radio shows made available online need to establish multimedia website on audio elements. Websites hosting videos, such as YouTube. com for instance, need to maintain audio-visual elements of their multimedia website. Gaming websites, on the other hand, need to utilize animations.One reason for utilizing multimedia in websites is when operators or owners need to do promotions and advertisements through audio, visual or audio-visual means. Another reason is if there is a need to increase user participation and population by targeting user attraction and involvement through multimedia. Compare and Contrast Cookies and Spyware Spyware is an application or data that stealthily manage to enter computer systems or networks to spy on information or computer commands or processes recorded in the computer. The purpose of spyware is to obtain information or data covertly.In addition, the characteristic of spyware is naturally malicious. A user cannot delete it completely because it attaches itself to the system and spies on all computer processes and transactions. Spyware may be used to commit cyber crimes such as identity theft, because it collects private data and information. For example, spyware may be used to collect online bankin g information. Collected data will be used to conduct malicious transactions. (Olsen, 2005) Cookies, on the other hand, are information stored within the computer system.However, cookies are simply recorded for retrieval of information. For instance, cookies may retrieve user names or passwords when logging-in visited websites. (Cookies – Not Spyware, 2008) Cookies, unlike spyware, do not steal but simply make data records (Olsen, 2005) Although cookies seem to be harmless, it may be used instantly to serve the purpose of spywares. This depends on how cookies will be manipulated. For instance, if two people are sharing in one computer, the other might view cookies installed in the computer to determine what websites the other person has been visiting.He may also be able to access private e-mails or accounts on other websites, if the cookies allow automatic user name and password retrieval, and such. Moreover, that person might be able to open online accounts using the persona l information of the other person who he is sharing the computer with. Therefore, although cookies are normally harmless, people might use them to accomplish malicious activities such as identity theft or invasion of privacy. (Cookies – Not Spyware, 2008)

“Born To Run” by Christopher McDougall Essay Essay

In Christopher McDougall’s â€Å"Born to Run† a lot has been written about the Tarahumara Indians of Mexico and their almost superhuman ability to run hundreds of miles over rugged terrain while suffering little in the way of fatigue or injury. It appears that the Tarahumara are the last members of the human race to live up to our true evolutionary potential. You could chalk up their success to a lack of junk food, stress and the evils of 21st century society, or perhaps they have been somehow genetically endowed with endurance abilities that the rest of us lost at the beginning of the Industrial Age. We learn that this seemingly lost ability is actually alive and well in the strangest places and people. In â€Å"Born to Run†, McDougall tracks down members of the reclusive Tarahumara Indian tribe in the Mexican Copper Canyons. After being repeatedly injured as a runner himself, McDougall marvels at the tribe’s ability to run ultra-distances (over 320 km) at incredible speeds, without getting the routine injuries of most American runners. The book has received attention in the sporting world for McDougall’s description of how he overcame injuries by modeling his running after the Tarahumara. He asserts that modern cushioned running shoes are a major cause of running injury, pointing to the thin sandals called huaraches worn by Tarahumara runners, and the explosion of running-related injuries since the introduction of modern running shoes in 1972. Alongside his research into the Tarahumara, McDougall delves into why the human species, unique among other primates, has developed traits for endurance running. He promotes the endurance running hypothesis, arguing that humans left the forests and moved to the savannas by developing the ability to run long distances in order to literally run down prey. If you look at humans from a physiological point  of view, we are an upright biped, a body type that would make us very vulnerable to attack on the plains of Africa. There is no physiological advantage that we have that can exploit in order to hunt and be successful, apart from the ability to run long distances. Running, for the Tarahumara is integral to their societal structure and even the way in which they run, in strategic formation in respect to social rank, improves their endurance and their speed, as well as having incalculable benefits on their fitness, mental well-being and social health. The fact that in the Tarahumara society, clinical depression, greed, crime, war, violence, domestic abuse, as well as a host of modern illness such as cancer and heart disease is virtually unheard of. The Tarahumara lives to a ripe old age and is extremely happy in doing so. The greatest race the world has never seen refers to the Copper Canyon Ultra marathon but it could equally refer to the Human Race, and its history of development which is intertwined with running. Running helped make us who we are, and it IS who we are, it is one of the purest expressions of our humanity and deserves its place as so. When it comes to going ultra-distances, nothing could beat the Tarahumara not a racehorse, not a cheetah, not even an Olympic marathoner. Very few outsiders had ever seen the Tarahumara in action, but amazing stories of their superhuman toughness and tranquility have drifted out of the canyons for centuries. One explorer spent 10 hours crossing a mountain by mule while a Tarahumara runner made the same trip in 90 minutes. One reason the Tarahumara squeeze so much mileage out of their feet is because they don’t baby them. The Tarahumara add strength to their stride from childhood by passing a wooden ball with their feet as they race through the woods. Keeping the ball in play means lunging, backpedalling and twisting all movements that later translate into powerful, economical self-propulsion. Your body needs to be shocked to become resilient and for the Tarahumara, that’s just daily life. They step into the unknown every time they leave their caves because they never know how fast they’ll have to  sprint after a rabbit, how much firewood they’ll have to haul home, or how tricky the climbing will be during a winter storm. Before the Tarahumara run long, they get strong. Personally I think the Tarahumara Indians motive people to do their best in running. At least I know they have motivated me to do better in my events in Track and Field. And with this in mind I can see improvement and so have my coaches.

Coppola Film Style Essay

Francis Ford Coppola has produced many films over his career. Two of his films that have become very popular are The Godfather and Apocalypse Now! Coppola uses many of the same elements in his films. In particular he uses cross cutting, close ups, non-simultaneous sound, the element of innocence, and the importance of the music. By looking at The Godfather and Apocalypse Now! these elements are clearly represented. The element of cross cutting is used in The Godfather in the baptism scene. While Michaels niece is in the church and the priest is going over his vows of becoming her godfather the camera cuts between the killing of all the heads of the other mafia families. In Apocalypse Now! cross cutting is used when Wilard is killing Captin Kurtz. While Wilard is killing Kurtz the camera cuts between their blood bath in the temple to the religious ceremony outside that the Vietnamese are sacrificing what appears to be a water buffalo. Non-simultaneous sound is used in Apocalypse Now! when the American army is flying into a small Vietnamese village. The camera is focused on a small schoolhouse and in the background the sound of helicopter propellers spinning can be heard. As the helicopters near the village the kernel turns on an instrumental piece by Beethoven, which is supposed to scare the villagers. Another example of non-simultaneous sound is used in Apocalypse Now! when Wilard gets off the boat at the last spot before he enters Cambodia. The voice of a Vietnamese man can be heard shouting slurs at the Americans but the camera does not show him. One of the soldiers shoots in the direction where the voice is coming from and then there is nothing but silence. Even though the man is not shown the sound implies that he is dead. During the baptism scene in The Godfather non-simultaneous sound is used as well. As the heads of the families are being killed the voices from the church can be heard as Michael is accepting his vows of becoming the godfather. Footsteps echo through a separate hallway from the church as the camera focuses in on the alter at the church. Innocence is represented in The Godfather through Micheals character. In the beginning of the film he is completely separate from the ‘family business’.  He does not want anything to do with it. As the film continues on his father’s life is put in danger and he is almost killed. Michael stays by his side and protects him. By his actions of protecting his father he is inducted into the ‘family business’. Which results him in becoming the new head of his family. By becoming the godfather Michael looses his innocence because he has to kill people and participate in illegal activities. In Apocalypse Now! the element of innocence is represented by a small puppy. As Wilard and his crew are floating down the river in their boat they come across a Vietnamese family on a boat. They pull up alongside it and Wilard orders Cook to go inspect the boat to see if they are stowing any weapons on board. The woman on the boat made a quick movement and Wilard and his crew got scared and started shooting everywhere resulting in the death of the family that was on the boat. After the shooting stopped Cook realized that she was just trying to protect her little puppy that she had kept hidden. One of the other crew members decides to take the puppy on to their own boat and bring it along for the rest of their journey. The importance of score is represented in Apocalypse Now! while Cook is sitting on the boat and starts to make the radio call to bomb the area where Kutrz is staying. In the background the sound of drums are used to simulate the steps of feet approaching the boat. Another example is when the helicopters are flying into the Vietnamese village; the captain blasts a Beethoven song. The song ties into the scene perfectly because the composer is known to be very racist and while the song is playing the captain calls out many racial slurs. In The Godfather an example of useful score is when the film producer of a new movie is laying in bed and as the camera pans up to where he is sleeping the music in the background get louder and louder. When the producer wakes up he is covered in blood and he starts to scream which then turns into the baby in the mafia family crying. The element of close ups is another common element used by Coppola. In the Apocalypse Now! many close ups are used on Wilards face and eyes. These close ups are used to convey the emotions he has and to show how war is effecting his character. The intensity of Kurtz is also shown through the use of close ups. In the scene where he drops Cooks head in Wilards lap is  an excellent example of this. Kurtz approaches Wilard and the camera focuses on the expression on his face, Kurtz shows no emotion and just stares straight into the cameras eyes, he appears to be almost inhuman. Close ups are used in The Godfather to accentuate the importance of family as well as close ups on hands. The symbol of hands was to show that their family was in control of everything that happened. No one could deny them because all they would need to do is â€Å"make them an offer they couldn’t refuse.† The close ups to show the importance of family played through out the entire movie because their main goal was to keep business and family separate. Francis Ford Coppola used many common elements in his films such, cross cutting, close ups, non-simultaneous sound, the element of innocence, and the importance of the music. By watching The God Father and Apocalypse Now! these elements are clearly represented. Coppola has a clear film style that cannot be argued to exclude the elements of cross cutting, importance of music, close ups, and innocence. In any of his films one or more of these elements are used.

Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The House of the Seven Gables Essay

Human actions and human knowledge are two inseparable entities. However, people are confused whether knowledge leads to actions or it is the actions that dictate one’s learning. Moreover, some people said that the two have no difference at all; one is tantamount to the other one. This debatable issue is one of the salient themes in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The House of the Seven Gables. Synopsis of the Story   Set during the middle of the 19th century in New England, The House of Seven Gables is a novel narrating the affairs of two families: the Pyncheons and the Maules. On the first part of the book, the tension between Colonel Pyncheon and Matthew Maule was presented. The colonel actually wanted the land owned by Matthew Maule and so he planted a plan which pointed the latter as a practitioner of witchcraft. From this accusation, Maule was sentenced to death through hanging. Before he finally dies, he whispered a curse for the colonel. Pyncheon, on the other hand, was very happy upon receiving the land and started to build his house of seven gables. Unfortunately, in the exact day of the house’s opening, Colonel Pyncheon died from an unknown reason. Townspeople guessed that it was the curse of Matthew Maule that leads for the colonel’s death, From then on, the house of the seven gables turned to be a gloomy and mysterious place.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The next setting of the story opened after century and a half with the present residents of the house, the old lady Hepzibah and a certain Mr. Holgrave who was renting the room upstairs. The author will then introduced new members of the family: Phoebe Pyncheon , a young, free- spirited, and helpful niece of Hepzibah, Clifford Pyncheon, brother of Hepzibah who was accused for murdering his uncle and spent 30 years in imprisonment, Judge Jaffrey Pyncheon, the evil cousin of Hepzibah and the one who set- up Clifford’s imprisonment. The judge wanted the rights for all the wealth of the Pyncheon family and so he visited Clifford, who according to him knows the location of all the necessary documents he needs. While waiting for him though, Judge Jaffrey died from an unknown reason. Frightened, Hepzibah and Clifford left the house. When they returned, Phoebe and Mr. Holgrave were already setting their marriage. Judge Jaffrey’s wicked actions were finally revealed by the investigation. Finally, Mr. Holgrave revealed that he is a descendant of Matthew Maule and that he also possesses hypnotic powers. They went off to a farm where they decided to live at. Hepzibah and Clifford, on the other hand, continued living in the house of the seven gables. Similarities and Differences of Sidney and Shelley   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Philip Sidney is an English poet who lived in the Elizabethan age. He wrote the An Apology for Poetry which presents his ideas regarding the relationship between poetry and areas of knowledge like history, ethics, and philosophy. One of the main tenets of the book says that poetry will gain more effectiveness if ethics will be observed in philosophy and liveliness will be incorporated to history.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Percy Bysshe Shelley, on the other hand, lived in the period of Romanticism in England. He was considered by many as one of the great thinkers in the field of arts and philosophy. He is the husband of Mary Shelley, author of the novel Frankenstein. He also wrote an essay entitled A Defence of Poetry. Here, he discussed what are his ideals for poetry and his radical opinions regarding the subject. Being a romanticist, Shelley believes that poets’ creations are not merely outcomes of their own individual imagination but also effects of his interaction and exposure to universal ideas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Both poets believe in the idea of romanticism. Romanticism supports the notion of deeply expressing one’s emotions and ideas through the use of arts, literature, music, and aesthetics. It is a form of revolution towards the aristocratic class in Europe during the 18th century.   Although Sidney did not live in this particular period, he showed already early signs of giving unusual and radical thinking towards literature, specifically to poetry. He actually concentrated in formulating works about literary reforms, giving emphasis in the relationship between art and virtue. For Sidney, virtue is a guideline for poets to create works that can challenge people to move and to act righteously. Through this, a righteous action could be inspired by poetry which will be eventually transformed to experience.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition, Sidney and Shelley, and even William Wordsworth, believe in the idea that an artist and his society are two separated entities. When an artist creates an idea, he is actually manifesting a skill—a skill which Sidney equates to art. For him, this skill is something that one can learn and develop. In addition to this, Sidney strongly believes that we can find the objective world through nature. Once a poet has produced a creation, another nature is automatically cultivated. Sidney followed the idea that human action is as the same as knowledge. For him, all people, no matter what their inclinations are—arts, philosophy, science, and so forth, will eventually lead their way to the utmost form of knowledge—the knowledge of one’s self, giving importance to ethics and politics, and knowing not only the virtuous but most importantly, doing the righteous actions. This for him is the explanation behind his idea that knowledge is just equal with human actions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shelley, however, believes that human actions and knowledge should not be regarded as the same or one. Rather, an individual has a separate identity from knowledge, specifically from the collective mind. He talked about how a poet creates his own ideas. For him, a poet uses both his own individual knowledge and collective knowledge or archetypes. These archetypes are ideas that already serve as templates for the people. When a poet produced a creative idea, he does not simply rely on his very own knowledge. He actually uses some archetypes, thus, relating what he has to what it is there in reality. And with this, Shelley disregards the idea that human knowledge is the same as human actions. It is actually human knowledge that leads people to their actions. Analysis of the Characters   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Applying the ideas of Sidney and Shelley in the story, the characters in Hawthorne’s story could be analyzed.   The daguerreotypist Mr. Holgrave was actually an artist himself who creates photographs using silver- coated plate and mercury vapor. A twenty-year old descendant of the late Matthew Maule, Mr. Holgrave was portrayed in the story as someone who maintains to live through different jobs. He skips from one occupation to the other. He also believes in surrendering wealth, custom, and even the past. A political radical, intellectually inclined, and with contemptuous view towards emotion, Mr. Holgrave often seeks the comfort in his room at the house of seven gables. He seemed to be detached with his society; even Hepzibah, the owner of the house he rents, barely knows him. He produced photographs, his very own creations, and through that, he is actually creating new environment for himself. His skills as a daguerreotypist were not considered merely as a skill, but an art—an art that through certain processes he was able to learn and develop. Everytime he takes pictures, Mr. Holgrave is sharpening even more his art and nurturing more his objective, his nature. Moreover, being a jack- of- all- trades, Mr. Holgrave has been continuously going under processes of learning and developing various skills.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Other characters in the novel can be seen through this perspective of Sidney and Shelley. Judge Jaffrey, for example, as a man of intellect and wit, has the initial skills of implementing justice to the people. This is his own art. However, he chose not to develop this skill because of his extreme hunger for power and wealth, thus making him decided to frame-up his own cousin Clifford. In the novel, he embodied the greedy aspect of his ancestor Colonel Pyncheon. Moreover, as Sidney had imposed, his actions were equal to his knowledge. Being a judge requires one to be wise and clever. His knowledge about this was clearly seen through his actions as he became shrewd enough to plant his evil plans. If he would be subjected to Sidney’s ideas regarding the highest form of knowledge, he would definitely fail considering that he did not use his skills in striving to do the right action.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even Hepzibah, the current owner of the house of the seven gables, can be subjected using the philosophies of Sidney and Shelley. However, as it was proven in the text, Hepzibah can be concluded as an example of a person who could be characterized as the one that Shelley had described. Hepzibah uses first her own knowledge before doing a certain action. When she was running the cent- shop, she was solely thinking about her brother Clifford. Thus, it was reflected through her actions as she loses her focus everytime a customer goes to her. She shows ill-temperedness while scowling most of them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Phoebe, in comparison with Hepzibah, also concluded her actions through her own knowledge. In the novel, she was portrayed as a young, free- spirited, helpful, and obedient woman. However, if analyzed, Phoebe’s actions are just products of her shallow way of thinking. She seemed to be not so curious and more of an emotional lady, in contrast with her lover Mr. Holgrave. Because of her personality, Mr. Holgrave was actually tempted to use his hypnotic powers to her. This clearly shows that Phoebe’s way of thinking greatly affects her actions is highly prone to be influenced or manipulated by other people whose knowledge is far better than hers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although Sidney and Shelley had their differences, the characters in The House of the Seven Gables could be also analyzed through the use of their similar ideas. As said earlier, Sidney and Shelley both believe that an individual and his society are two separated entities. In the novel, this philosophy was evidently portrayed by Hawthorne as each character found his respective place into the society where he belongs. Analysis of the Text   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After the analysis of some of the main characters, perspectives of Sidney and Shelley will also be tried to incorporate in the text, particularly in analyzing the plot and the themes presented in the novel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The plot evidently portrayed both predictable and unpredictable twists. The succession of events was creatively done through the use of suspense, good narration, and logical and organic unity. The idea of mystifying the house through the use of magic and curses was very effective. Hawthorne succeeded in creating his own art, in creating his own nature as Sidney and Shelley had pointed in their discussion about poetry and an artist’s skills.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With regards to the themes of the novel, Hawthorne included the issue of family feuds, greed, and time. The novel was successful because it started with an interesting conflict. The use of time frame was also great as the generations of both families were clearly seen. Finally, the concept of greed was also effective as it was used as the binding theme for the novel’s plot. Work Cited Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The House of the Seven Gables. USA: Pearson Education, 2000